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Comparativa de las dosificaciones.

Animal Control Center

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"Co-morbidity of anxiety disorders is common in human psychiatry. Two retrospective studies in the Behavior Clinic at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (VHUP) suggest that separation anxiety and thunderstorm and noise phobia may not be independent. We retrospectively examined all cases within the past year in which either separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia or noise phobia occurred or any combination of these conditions co-occurred. We also looked (manuscript is being submitted) at co-occurrence with other behavioral diagnoses."

Dogs & Cats page

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"El interés por el estudio del proceso de envejecimiento en perros (Canis familiaris) ha aumentado de forma significativa en la última década. El punto de mayor interés ha sido el envejecimiento cerebral y los cambios comportamentales relacionados con la edad."

Donald K. Ingram, Nancy Williams

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"Older dogs are the most rapidly growing segment in many veterinary clinic populations. Better and more sophisticated treatment for primary medical conditions has lead to longer-lived dogs. Many of these older dogs will be affected by non-specific signs associated with cognitive changes. Diagnosis cannot be made on the basis of non-specific signs, alone. For example, cognitive changes associated with age can also be signs of separation anxiety. When signs of separation anxiety appear in older dogs they may be associated with anticipatory anxiety. It is on this observation the development of the concepts associated with "cognitive dysfunction" in older dogs have been predicated. Failure of function or behaviors associated with anxiety are not uncommon in older dogs. In one of the first studies on older dogs 13/26 dogs 10 years or older were diagnosed with separation anxiety (i.e., the behaviors occurred only in clients' absence), and 6 were attributed to breakdown of house training (i.e., "cognitive dysfunction") that did not meet the criteria to make a diagnosis of separation anxiety. Older dogs have changing physical and emotional needs; accommodating these needs and treating the dogs with anti-anxiety medications can help modulate symptoms, although the course of whatever the underlying condition is may be inexorable."

Karen L. Overall

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Múltiples artículos.

Varios autores

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"The extent to which learning and memory play roles in fear, anxiety, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is incompletely understood. The systems involved are extremely complex."

Karen L. Overall

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"Despite a longstanding interest in feline behavior, we miss understanding what is really going on in many behavior disorders. The classic error is to consider cats as little dogs and to try to apply the same rules. By respecting their genuine ethology, we can better understand feline behaviour. We have to keep in mind that all behaviorist veterinarians see many more dogs than cats. These one are the “poor parents” of behavior medicine because owners bring cats less to the practice, and also, because generalist veterinarians underestimate the prevalence of behavior disorders in cats. For example, it should be useful to evaluate many feline extensive alopecia cases considering a behavioral approach. About 50% of these are anxiety related disorders and respond very well to anxiolytic drugs with behavior modification and territory management."

Claude Beata

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"La convicción de que los animales domésticos pueden sufrir por las condiciones de vida que el hombre les ofrece, está ampliamente aceptada. La opinión pública tiende a asociar como objetivamente maltratados por parte de sus dueños tanto a los animales de producción como a los domésticos: unos víctimas de técnicas de cría demasiado intensiva y los otros de aberraciones mentales difundidas por sus dueños. En contraste se piensa que la gran mayoría de los animales de compañía viven un eterno bienestar fruto de nuestra benevolencia. Basta a este propósito escuchar a las asociaciones de "protección animal" para advertir que el criterio de validez de las condiciones de vida propuesta a los carnívoros es justamente el amor de sus propietarios."

Angela Ferrari

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"Self-directed traumatic disorders in dogs and cats may be a result of behavioral or medical causes. Compulsive disorders, conflict induced displacement behaviors, and conditioned or reinforced behaviors are all-important considerations. However, in order to make these diagnoses, not only must the history be consistent with these disorders, but also all underlying medical causes must first be ruled out, controlled, or resolved. It is also possible for a medical problem to develop into a compulsive disorder or for medical problems to coexist with a behavioral problem."

Gary Landsberg, Lowell Ackerman

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"In our Western culture, the relation between humans and dogs is played out in a historical and socio-economic context that fosters the emergence of behavioral dysfunctions in animals (the discrepancy between the imagined dog and reality). Many behavioral problems in dogs arise from a failure to recognize social and environmental constraints during their growth. In this article we shall briefly trace these phases of a dog's social and behavioral ontogeny and epigenesis. We shall also point out the risk factors that can undermine the harmonious interaction between humans and their dogs."

Joël Dehasse

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"The practice of veterinary clinical ethology represents the application of a mosaic of science and practical skill; with the art of animal behaviour therapy being as old as civilisation itself and the science being born out of this practical experience and the importation of ideas from related sciences. It is only in the last couple of decades that clinical ethology has developed its own specific scientific agenda, (see Tuber, Hothersall and Voith, 1974). Not until 1997, did the various national veterinary interest groups make a concerted effort to host a truly global conference (Mills, Heath and Harrington, 1997). Perhaps this more than any other initiative has focused people’s attention on how the science has radiated in different ways in different cultures. Understanding the history of applied clinical ethology can therefore provide some explanation of the fragmented approach that has developed in the study of companion animal behaviour disorders. Different schools have emerged in different areas of the world, each emphasising its own theoretical traditions. Thus contrasting approaches have emerged influencing not only the terminology used but also the related classification of disorders and hypotheses generated about their aetiology. This paper seeks to examine and explain this phenomenon with a view to placing markers on the common road ahead."

Gill Sheppard, Dr. Daniel Mills

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"Understanding the nature of behaviour problems is essential to developing a rational basis for their treatment. Behaviour problems arise as a result of an interaction between factors relating to the current environment and developmental factors within a patient of a given state. Not all behaviour problems represent dysfunctional, abnormal or maladaptive behaviour since "the problem is the not the animal’s behaviour per se but rather the problem that this behaviour poses for its owner" (Askew 1996). Broadly speaking behaviour problems may be divided into behaviours which are adaptive but inconvenient for the owner, those which are derived from attempts to behave in an adaptive way in a suboptimal environment and those which are truly maladaptive e.g. seizure activity."

Daniel Mills, Gill Sheppard

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"Prospective puppy owners are usually eager to learn how to select and raise their new pets. By providing information on pet selection, socialization, and early training, you can start these new owners off on the right track to fully enjoying their dogs."

Dekbra F. Horwitz

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"Actions called play signals have evolved in many species in which social play has been observed. Despite there being only few empirical demonstrations, it generally is accepted that play signals are important in the initiation ("I want to play") and maintenance ("I still want to play") of ongoing social play. In this study I consider whether a specific and highly stereotyped signal, the bow, is used to maintain social play in adult and infant domestic dogs, infant wolves, and infant coyotes. To answer this question the temporal placement of bows relative to actions that are also used in other contexts (dominance or predatory encounters) such as biting accompanied by rapid side-to-side shaking of the head was analyzed to determine if bows performed during ongoing social play are used to communicate the message "I want to play despite what I am going to do or just did -- I still want to play." The nonrandom occurrence of bows supports the hypothesis that bows are used to maintain social play in these canids when actions borrowed from other contexts, especially bites accompanied by rapid side-to-side shaking of the head, are likely to be misinterpreted."

Marc Bekoff

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"It has been well documented in various studies that certain factors are associated with aggression in dogs (regardless of breed). What follows is a partial list of factors associated with aggression, along with the sources which document them."

Source: The Domestic Dog, Its Evolution, Behaviour, & Interactions with People. James Serpell, editor. (1995: Cambridge University Press). The article/chapter is entitled: The Ethology and Epidemiology of Canine Aggression in the Domestic Dog by Randall Lockwood.

Resumen

"This page is dedicated to all those seeking to use positive reinforcement in animal training, especially those on the ClickerSolutions, ClickTrain and Click-L e-mail discussion list s...."

Stacy Braslau-Schneck

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"Learningis said to occur when experience causes a relatively permanent change in behavior. Changes in behavior that are caused by temporary states (e.g., drug states or fatigue), maturation, or innate (instinctive) response tendencies are not considered to be learned. Learning allows animals to behave in flexible ways, depending upon changes in environment and experience."

Stephen B. Klein